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How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
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Home Page > Home Improvement > Gardening > How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
Posted: Dec 02, 2007 |Comments: 0
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How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
By: Johan Nickson
About the Author
Johan Nickson is an expert in Snickers Workwear.
(ArticlesBase SC #272895)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – How To Clear Blocked Drains – Part 2
Lifting A Manhole Cover
You have to lift the manhole cover to check the drains, so this is always the first job. It’s not east: cast iron manhole covers are heavy, so get some help. Frequently the cover is rusted in its frame. Scrape around the join with a screwdriver then tap the cover gently with some wood – the vibration should release it from its seating.
Special keys are available for lifting covers but if you don’t have one, a strong hook or piece of steel bent in a vice will do just as well. Some covers have handles consisting of small bars across indents. In this case, loop several turns for string or wire through the bars then around a stout piece of timber. With someone on either side of the cover use the timber as handles lift, and swing the cover free.
As a last resort, use a garden spade to lever up the cover over a fulcrum made from wood or bricks. The easiest way is to life one end first and support it across the opening on a broom handle or similar. You can then lift the other end onto another support and use them both as rollers to push it clear of the opening.
Some covers are secured by screw bolts, in this is the case soak them in penetrating oil before attempting to undo them. Remove the bolts with a spanner or wrench.
On all manhole covers, a little grease smeared around the frame before replacement will stop future rusting.
Locating Blockages
Your first check is always to see if the trap on the fitting itself is blocked. If your sure the blockage is in the drains, adopt the following procedure. Open the manhole nearest the house. If this is empty, the fault is in the fitting waste pipe, the stack or the gully trap. If only one fitting on a stack gives trouble, the fault is in its own waste pipe. If several do the blockage is in the stack probably low down, towards the chamber.
If the manhole is full of effluent, do not immediately assume that this is where the blockage is. Try if possible to lift all other manholes between there and the main drain in the road – particularly if the drain includes and interceptor which give more trouble than ordinary inspection chambers. It may be that the last one in the line has blocked causing effluent to back up as far as the first.
Work Wear
I would also suggest at this point that wearing good quality workwear well worth it. Clearing blocked drains is a dirty job, so wearing your going out jeans is a no-no. I would suggest something like a pair of Snickers Workwear pants or some other good quality brand such as Jobman or Mascot.
Summary
That is it for this article, however, still to come I will tell how to unblock Inspection Chambers and Interceptors, and as an added bonus get you a walk through on how to clear a blocked gully.
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(ArticlesBase SC #272895)
Johan Nickson -
About the Author:
Johan Nickson is an expert in Snickers Workwear.
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Johan Nickson is an expert in Snickers Workwear.
As St. Paul readies itself to host the republican national convention next month, security preparations are already under way. The precautionary measures taken by the Secret Service and local law enforcement agencies are vast and often occurf right under our feet. Take, for example, the lowly manhole cover. Last week the author of the blog Entropic Memes noticed several manhole covers near the Xcel Energy Center had been selectively tagged with blue dots, and predicted that someone would soon be spot-welding the manhole covers shut. Phone calls from the Minnesota Independent to the city of St. Paul’s public works, sewer and water departments revealed no such plans, but now that prediction appears to be spot-on. Every manhole cover with a blue dot now has at least two welds holding it shut. A standard security measure for presidential motorcades the welding of manhole covers is a simple solution to several potential problems. It serves to keep people out of the manhole, of course, but also prevents the 100-pound cast iron discs from being rolled down streets and sidewalks to cause untold destruction.
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The case for and against cast iron cookware
The case for and against cast iron cookware
The case for and against cast iron cookware
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Home Page > Food and Beverage > Cooking Tips > The case for and against cast iron cookware
The case for and against cast iron cookware
Posted: Jul 19, 2009 |Comments: 0
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The case for and against cast iron cookware
By: Stephen Kember
About the Author
Stephen Kember is President of The outdoor cooking equipment Store. He is devoted to helping people to enjoy outdoor life and outdoor cooking. If you’re looking for cast iron cookware or cast iron Dutch oven then go to The Outdoor Cooking Equipment Store today as all cast iron cookware is on sale with reductions of up to 50%.
(ArticlesBase SC #1050358)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – The case for and against cast iron cookware
The use of cast-iron for cooking goes back over 2500 years albeit in Europe countries such as the UK have only used it for about 1000 years after it became popular when folk realised that complete pots with handles could be made using molten metal poured into moulds made out of sand. Originally cast iron pots came with three legs as they were to be used on the open fire.
The Benefits of using cast iron cookware
Cast iron cookware offers many exceptional cooking benefits; hence so many cooks swear by it. Cast iron is a near perfect heat conductor, heating evenly and consistently; Cast iron can withstand very high temperatures, which makes it great for searing and frying Cast iron pots allow precise and sustained cooking temperatures; When cooking with cast iron heat is spread evenly throughout the pot; there are no hot spots; this makes iron pots great for slow cooking; and Cured cast iron offers the perfect non-stick surface making it ideal for many dishes where using non stick is a must
Cast iron offers many other more widely based benefits:
It lasts and lasts and lasts and makes a great heirloom; Cast iron is relatively inexpensive to buy but when seen in the context of its extraordinary longevity it is incredibly cheap; Cast iron can be used to cook in so many styles hence so many cooks swear by it; for example for use when cooking Jambalaya dishes, stews, soups, cornbread, tortillas and fajitas; and such is its versatility it can be used for frying, searing, baking, deep frying grilling; Cast iron comes in many shapes and sizes and different formats; be they; griddles, grills, woks, Jambalaya pots, deep fryers, frying pans and Dutch ovens It can go from stove to oven; It won’t warp, its tough as old boots and is really easy to clean; Health benefits arise for those with a deficiency of iron in their blood. A small amount of iron is leached into the food when cooking providing a rely valuable benefit; Cooking with cast iron cookware is far more fun than with most other cookware; and When well seasoned cast iron cookware works non stick requiring no additional oil whatsoever so its great for healthy cooking.
Disadvantages of cast iron cookware
For those with excess iron in their blood the leaching of iron from the cookware can be bad; For those suffering from the inherited metabolic disorder hemochromatosis that affects around one million Americans it should be avoided. Indeed if you have any family with the disease, ask your physician about the transferrin saturation test, which tests for iron excess in the blood; The food sticks! But if it does this simply means that you haven’t seasoned your cast iron properly because cast iron is naturally and totally non stick when correctly seasoned If you suffer from joint or stomach pain, fatigue, heart palpitations or impotence, check with your physician. You can’t put cast iron in the dish washer; but otherwise cleaning it is a breeze It is not recommended that you boil water using cast iron cookware; Its not recommended for glass top stoves as it can scratch the surface when moved around; Cast iron has to be seasoned and if cooking with certain acidic food stuffs such as when cooking using tomato based sauces it’s surface can be affected and need redoing from time to time
Seasoning cast iron cookware
Cast iron must be seasoned to protect the metal from rusting and to provide a non-stick surface. This is a straightforward process which once done shouldn’t need redoing. There are many good articles explaining this process but in summary it comprises of a simple 3 step process:
Cleaning the cast iron cookware back to its original surface; Applying a layer of fat all over [typically fats high in saturated fats such as: Crisco, Palm oil, Coconut oil and lard]; then, Heating up the ‘fat covered cookware’ to a high temperature causing the fat to bond to the cast iron.
Thereafter ongoing seasoning occurs as your cooking deposits evermore fat on top of the cured surface, giving it that lovely non stick dark glossy hue that characterises well-seasoned well-aged cast iron cookware.
If your cast iron cookware develops rust spots, scour the rusty areas with steel wool, until all traces of rust are gone then wash, dry and once again repeat seasoning process.
Cleaning cast iron cookware
A lot of nonsense is talked about cleaning cast iron cookware; but the basics are straightforward:
Do not soak them or scrub them with scourers or anything metal; Avoid strong cleaning products; Wash with mild soap and water and dry with a paper towel then Re-apply a thin layer of fat.
Never store food in the cast iron pan as the acid in the food will breakdown the seasoning and take on a metallic flavor
Types of cast iron
There are many brands of plain and enamelled cast iron coming from around the world. Our advice at the Outdoor Cooking Equipment Store is go for the traditional black cast iron as the price differential, given the limited additional benefits of enamelled cast iron does not warrant paying so much more.
Enamelled cast iron also does not offer the benefits of standard cast iron such as the ability to withstand searing heat, the leaching of dietary iron and it never enjoys that beautiful black hue.
What to buy and how to choose
There are many brands from which to choose. We recommend the Bayou Classic brand as the quality is truly exceptional judged against competing brands. When selecting which cast iron cookware to go for consider the following:
The cast iron should have a fine, smooth surface making it ideal for seasoning. Do not buy cookware that is pitted, uneven, rough or that has any chips or cracks; High quality cast iron cookware is evenly grey all over and is made in one piece; Do all you can to get hold of grandmother’s old cast iron cookware as long as it doesn’t have a cracks or chips it will continue to last and last
You can get some exceptional deals on the internet. Unfortunately local stores can rarely offer the range of products nor exceptional prices that you’ll find on the internet.
Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/cooking-tips-articles/the-case-for-and-against-cast-iron-cookware-1050358.html”
(ArticlesBase SC #1050358)
Stephen Kember -
About the Author:
Stephen Kember is President of The outdoor cooking equipment Store. He is devoted to helping people to enjoy outdoor life and outdoor cooking. If you’re looking for cast iron cookware or cast iron Dutch oven then go to The Outdoor Cooking Equipment Store today as all cast iron cookware is on sale with reductions of up to 50%.
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Stephen Kember is President of The outdoor cooking equipment Store. He is devoted to helping people to enjoy outdoor life and outdoor cooking. If you’re looking for cast iron cookware or cast iron Dutch oven then go to The Outdoor Cooking Equipment Store today as all cast iron cookware is on sale with reductions of up to 50%.
www.davecancook.com I am cooking two eggs in differnt pans to show the difference in the new versus old!
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Cast Iron Cookware
Posted: Dec 17, 2009 |Comments: 0
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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Cast Iron Cookware
For over a thousand of year Cast Iron Cookware has been used in Europe, China and Asia. These cooking pots are still in use in this new era mostly because of the satisfaction of the cooks who enjoy using a product which heats evenly and produces delicious tasting foods. There are a number of different sizes and shapes of Cast Iron Cookware available now. In previous time cast iron cookwares started out as a simple pot and afterward develop to a pot with a lid on it. So cast iron is an excellent selection for your smart kitchen.
These cookwares are the best choice of those people who love outdoor cooking because Cast Iron Cookware holds up well when exposed to all weather elements. Their strong metal surface is not affected by any type of cooking temperatures. These cookwares have distinctive features of resilient cast iron metal promotes smooth heat distribution. These cookwares can be used inside the oven and can endure multiple heat levels without causing damage to the shape of the cooking pan. Cast iron cookware is also liked it travels well and can produce many cooked items.
The most commonly used pieces of Cast Iron Cookware, classic cast iron Dutch oven. This oven is also a best choice in campfire. Many good chefs prefer Dutch oven for roasting meats or preparing special barbeque dishes such as slow baked beans with onions, molasses and bacon.
These Iron pots can be used on gas, electric cook tops, conventional and convection oven also. These cookwares have ability of redistribute and hold heat which results in frying perfection. These cookwares are available in classic black color. Cast Iron Cookware products are coated with two layers of smooth and beautiful enamel which makes them extremely durable and easy to clean.
The various shapes of Cast Iron Cookware facilitate people to bake, boil and roast foods without fear that any foods will be over cooked. These cookwares shortens the cooking procedure and helps cooks to utilize the inner space of an oven more successfully because Cast Iron Cookware sets are specially manufactured for this purpose.
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Are you still looking for Cast Iron cooking pots? We are providing cookware advices, tips and resources and other information on cast iron cooking pots.
Cast Iron – Leather & Metal EP, Thunderknights May 22nd, 2008 / Originally made as a CD-R in less than hundred copies, with a slightly different cover, to be given for free at the Keep It True X festival in Germany, April 2008 as promotion only Limited to 500 copies.
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Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
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Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
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Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
Development and features
The Northstar’s design was initiated as a response to the advanced dual overhead cam V8 engines introduced by European and Japanese competitors of Cadillac in the late 1980s. At that time, Cadillac was using the aluminum HT Overhead Valve (OHV) V8 which had been pushed hastily into production after the failure of the V8-6-4 of 1981.
Cadillac was developing new models like the Allant and updated Eldorado and Seville STS which they hoped would compete against the best from BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Lexus, and Infiniti. They developed a laundry list of items that must be included in these new models, including sophisticated steering, braking, and suspension technologies, which became known as the Northstar System. One key element was a high-tech V8 engine with all of the features and performance of the competitors’ offerings.
The “Northstar” V8, as it was then known, was an evolution of the Lotus-designed Chevrolet LT5 all-aluminum DOHC 32-valve V8 used in the Corvette ZR-1. Archrival Ford Motor Company was developing a similar engine at that time as well, and Ford’s Modular engine would precede the Northstar into production with its introduction on the 1991 Lincoln Town Car. Both continue in production at 4.6 L of displacement.
Capable of producing 300 hp (224 kW) out of its 4565 cc displacement, the Northstar featured a cast aluminum 90 V8 block with 102 mm (4 in) bore spacing split into unitary upper and lower halves. The lower crankcase assembly supported the crankshaft without conventional main bearing caps. An oil manifold plate with an integrated silicon gasket forms the oil gallery under this. A typical oil change used 7.58 quarts of oil.
Cast-iron cylinder liners were specified and the forged aluminum pistons included valve clearance. Northstar is an interference engine, with bronze pin bushings and free-floating piston pins used.
Cast aluminum cylinder heads were used featuring 4 valves per cylinder. The heads used dual overhead cams which are driven through the “maintenance-free” cam-drive chain case. The cams act directly on hydraulic lifters on the ends of the valves and are fed with a lubrication passage drilled through the cylinder head lengthwise. The intake valves are inclined at 25, while the exhaust valves are canted to 7 with center-mounted platinum-tipped spark plugs. The cam covers are magnesium for light weight.
Eight thermoplastic tubes were used in the induction system, leading to sequential fuel injection. The engine used a distributorless ignition system with a waste spark setup. The PCM controls spark and fuel injection timing as well as the shift points for the new 4T80-E transmission.
One notable feature, advertised at the time, was the “limp home” fail-safe mode which allowed the engine to continue running for a limited time without any coolant. Supplying fuel to only one cylinder bank in turn, the engine would “air cool” the inactive bank. This technique, combined with its all-aluminum construction and large oil capacity, allows the engine to maintain safe temperatures, allowing a Northstar-equipped car to be driven with no coolant for about 100 mi (161 km) without damage.
Another unusual feature of some Northstar-equipped cars is a liquid-cooled alternator used on Cadillac’s Seville, DeVille, and Eldorado. The liquid-cooling helped prolong the life of the alternator in these electronic-laden models, though GM reverted to a traditional air-cooled setup for 2001 to eliminate potential leak points and extraneous tubing.
All engines of this family share the same Northstar bellhousing pattern.
Later developments included direct coil-on-plug ignition, and variable valve timing, which can vary intake by up to 40 and the exhaust by up to 50. VVT was devised for the longitudinal LH2 version, and has not, to date, been used on the transverse front wheel drive engines due to packaging considerations. Northstar series
The engine was introduced in mid-1992 in the 1993 Cadillac Allant and continues to be used in most Cadillac models. The original Northstar Allant also introduced the Northstar System which included traction control, adaptive suspension, and antilock brakes. Early Northstar required premium grade gasoline to run safely.
The Northstar was sold exclusively by Cadillac for over a decade before being introduced in the 2004 Pontiac Bonneville and 2006 Buick Lucerne. However, the 4.0L L47 V8 variant was used in the Oldsmobile Aurora and the 3.5L LX5 V6 in the Oldsmobile Intrigue. The engine received a forged steel crankshaft in October 2003. Cadillac had planned to introduce a V12 Northstar this decade, likely for use in the Escalade, but economics and new CAFE standards have killed this idea.
Most Northstar engines produce 275 hp (205 kW) to 315 hp (235 kW). The engines were revised for 2000 with coil-on-plug ignition and roller follower valvegear for improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. Though power output did not change, this update eliminated the need for premium fuel.
All but the supercharged Northstar displace 4.6 L (279 cu in) with a 93 mm (3.7 in) bore and 84 mm (3.3 in) stroke. For better head gasket sealing between cylinders, the supercharged version is de-bored to 91 mm (3.6 in) for a total displacement of 4.4 L (266 cu in) . The block is said[who?] to be capable of expansion up to 5.4 L, though no such engine has been produced.
The Northstar was on the Ward’s 10 Best Engines list for 1995, 1996, and 1997.
The Northstar System was Cadillac’s trademarked name for a package of automobile performance features. Introduced in mid 1992 on the 1993 Cadillac Allant and later on that year’s Seville and Eldorado, the Northstar name continues in use to this day.
The Northstar System included the following components:
L37 high-output 300 hp (224 kW) and 295 ftlbf (400 Nm)
LD8 high-torque 275 hp (205 kW) and 300 ftlbf (407 Nm)
GM 4T80-E 4-speed automatic transmission
Road Sensing Suspension
RSS was available in both standard and CV-RSS (continuously-variable) systems. It monitored damping rates of the shock absorbers every 15 milliseconds, selecting between two settings.
4-wheel disc brakes with Bosch antilock brakes
Magnasteer speed-variable power steering
Magnasteer combines conventional hydraulic power steering and magnetized “doughnuts” mounted around the output shaft, which stiffen the steering as vehicle speed increases.
The latest versions of the Northstar engine include the 4.6L 320 hp (239 kW) and 315 lbft (427 Nm) LH2 which began in 2004, and supercharged 4.4L 469 hp (350 kW) LC3 created for the STS-V which are detailed below.
General Motors employed a continuously variable system for the Cadillac Northstar System, VVT (Variable Valve Timing). The Northstar VVT provides a continuously variable system throughout the RPM range, increasing fuel economy. GM engines use the double overhead cam, varying both intake and exhaust for better performance. L37
The L37 (VIN “9″) was the original Northstar. It is tuned for responsiveness and power, while the later LD8 is designed for more sedate use. The L37 code has been used on all high-output transverse Northstars, even as the exact engine specifications evolved. Its displacement is 4600cc flat the compression ratio for the L37 is 10:1, shared with the LD8.
The original L37 was specified at 290 hp (216 kW), but 1993 production examples were rated at 295 hp (220 kW). The engine topped out at 300 hp (224 kW) from 1996 through 2004 on the STS, DTS and ETC models, making these some of the most powerful domestic front wheel drive cars ever built, the most powerful title still belonging to the 1970 Cadillac Eldorado 500 cu in (8.2 L) with 400 hp (298 kW) (although the latter’s rating is in the older SAE gross horsepower system, figured without accessories or muffler, where the current engine outputs are as-installed, net ratings). For 2005 the high output Northstar became Northstar NHP, and was downrated to 290 horsepower (220 kW) under the new SAE certified horsepower rating system. In 2006, the updated DTS “Performance Package” model got a slight bump to 292 hp (218 kW). Vehicles using the L37 include:
Year
Model
Power
Torque
1993
Cadillac Allant
295 hp (220 kW) @ 5600 rpm
290 lbft (393 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
1993-1994
Cadillac Eldorado ETC
295 hp (220 kW) @ 5600 rpm
290 lbft (393 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
19952002
Cadillac Eldorado ETC
300 hp (224 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
1993
Cadillac Seville STS
295 hp (220 kW) @ 5600 rpm
290 lbft (393 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
19942004
Cadillac Seville STS
300 hp (224 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
19962004
Cadillac DeVille Concours/DTS
300 hp (224 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
2005
Cadillac DeVille DTS
290 hp (216 kW) @ 5600 rpm
285 lbft (386 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
2006resent
Cadillac DTS Performance
292 hp (218 kW) @ 6300 rpm
288 lbft (390 Nm) @ 4500 rpm
2008-present
Buick Lucerne Super
292 hp (218 kW) @ 6300 rpm
288 lbft (390 Nm) @ 4500 rpm LD8
The LD8 (VIN “Y”) is a transverse V8 for front-wheel drive cars. Introduced in 1994, it is designed to provide more torque than the high-revving L37. The LD8 code has been used on all torque-tuned transverse Northstars, even as the exact engine specifications evolved. Compression ratio is 10:1.
The 1998 revision is quieter than previous Northstar engines, due to hydraulic engine mounts, and performs better due to a tuned intake system.
Most LD8 Northstars are rated at 275 hp (205 kW) and 300 lbft (407 Nm).
Year
Model
Power
Torque
1994
Cadillac Eldorado
270 hp (201 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
19952001
Cadillac Eldorado
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5750 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm)
2002
Cadillac Eldorado
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
1994
Cadillac Seville SLS
270 hp (201 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
19952001
Cadillac Seville SLS
275 hp (205 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
20022004
Cadillac Seville SLS
275 hp (205 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
1994
Cadillac DeVille Concours
270 hp (201 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
1995
Cadillac DeVille Concours
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5750 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm)
19962001
Cadillac DeVille
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5750 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
20022005
Cadillac DeVille
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
2006resent
Cadillac DTS
275 hp (205 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
20042005
Pontiac Bonneville GXP
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
20062007
Buick Lucerne CXS
275 hp (205 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm LH2
The Northstar was designed originally for transverse front-wheel drive applications. It was modified substantially in 2004 for longitudinal rear- and all-wheel drive use in the SRX and XLR, as well as receiving continuously variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust sides. The RWD (LH2) Northstar produces 320 hp (239 kW) and 315 lbft (427 Nm). An increased compression ratio of 10.5:1 enables most of the increase in power from the L37 and LD8 Northstars.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
20042009
Cadillac SRX
320 hp (239 kW) @ 6400 rpm
315 lbft (427 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
20042009
Cadillac XLR
320 hp (239 kW) @ 6400 rpm
310 lbft (420 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
2004resent
Cadillac STS
320 hp (239 kW) @ 6400 rpm
315 lbft (427 Nm) @ 4400 rpm Supercharged LC3
A 4.4 L (266 cu in) supercharged Northstar is used in the 2006 Cadillac STS-V and Cadillac XLR-V. The bore was reduced for increased strength and improved head gasket sealing. Variable valve timing is used on both the intake and exhaust sides. The STS-V engine produces 469 hp (350 kW) at 6400 rpm and 439 lbft (595 Nm) at 3900 rpm with 9:1 compression and the XLR-V engine produces 443 hp (330 kW) at 6400 rpm and 414 lbft (561 Nm) at 3900 rpm.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
20062009
Cadillac STS-V
469 hp (350 kW) @ 6400 rpm
439 lbft (595 Nm) @ 3900 rpm
20062009
Cadillac XLR-V
443 hp (330 kW) @ 6400 rpm
414 lbft (561 Nm) @ 3900 rpm L47
A L47 inside an Aurora’s engine bay
The L47 Aurora engine was a special V8 designed for the Oldsmobile Aurora, based on the Northstar engine. It is a DOHC 3,995 cc (3.995 L; 243.8 cu in) V8 which produced 250 horsepower (186 kW) and 260 ftlb (353 Nm) of torque. The bore is 87 mm (3.4 in) and the stroke is 84 mm (3.3 in). The L47 has a 10.3:1 compression ratio and uses premium fuel.
An early version or prototype of this engine was used in the 2nd generation Oldsmobile Aerotech.
Although most of the Northstar’s features, including the coolant loss system, remained intact, the decreased bore increased weight unacceptably. To reduce it, Oldsmobile used a one-piece glass-filled thermoplastic intake manifold and simplified AC Rochester sequential fuel injection. A new die-cast structural aluminum oil pan incorporated baffling to reduce oil starvation in hard driving. A starter interlock prevents the starter from engaging if the quiet L47 is already running.
A highly modified 650 hp (485 kW) version of this engine was used by General Motors racing division initially for Indy Racing League competition starting in 1995, then was later used in the Cadillac Northstar LMP program in 2000. Both engines retained the 4.0 L capacity, but the Northstar LMP version was twin-turbocharged.
The Aurora was also used in the Shelby Series 1 car.
The Aurora engine was introduced in 1994 for the 1995 model year, and General Motors has not used this engine since the demise of the marque in 2004.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
19952003
Oldsmobile Aurora
250 hp (186 kW) @ 5600 rpm
260 lbft (353 Nm) @ 4400 rpm LX5 (Shortstar)
A “Shortstar” LX5 inside an Intrigue’s engine bay
The LX5 V6 is a DOHC engine from Oldsmobile, introduced in 1999 with the Oldsmobile Intrigue. It was produced by the Premium engine group at GM and was thus called the Premium V6, or PV6, while it was being developed. It is based on the L47 Aurora V8, which is itself based on the Northstar engine, so engineers called it the Short North, though Oldsmobile fans have taken to calling it the Shortstar.
It is not a simple cut-down V8. Although it has a 90 vee-angle like the Northstar and Aurora, the engine block was engineered from scratch, so bore centers are different. It has chain-driven dual overhead cams and 4 valves per cylinder, but is an even-firing design with a split-pin crankshaft similar to the modern GM 3800 engines. The LX5 displaced 3,473 cc (3.473 L; 211.9 cu in) and produced 215 hp (160 kW) @ 5,600 rpm and 230 ftlb (312 Nm) @ 4,400 rpm. Bore is 89.5 mm (3.52 in) and stroke is 92 mm (3.6 in). Compression ratio is 9.3:1.
The cost of building this engine was high, and it was not used in many vehicles. It was said at the time that a family of premium V6s would follow, with displacements ranging from 3.3 L to 3.7 L, but only the LX5 was ever produced.
The LX5 was entirely different from any other V6 in the GM inventory – the only other DOHC V6 engines offered by GM were the Chevrolet Twin Dual Cam produced from 1991-1997 and the Cadillac/Holden HFV6 available from 2004 to the present day. These three designs are completely unrelated and oddly enough leave two gaps in 1998 and 2003 where no DOHC V6 was available from GM. This contrasts starkly with competitors practices of evolving engineering over multiple, continuously improving designs.
As with the Aurora V8, production stopped with the demise of Oldsmobile.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
19992002
Oldsmobile Intrigue
215 hp (160 kW) @ 5600 rpm
230 lbft (312 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
20012002
Oldsmobile Aurora
215 hp (160 kW) @ 5600 rpm
230 lbft (312 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
The 3.5L LX5 was on the Ward’s 10 Best Engines list for 1999 and 2000. See also
GM 60-degree DOHC V6 engine
GM High Feature engine
Cadillac V8 engine
GM Ultra Engine
List of GM engines Notes
^ http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:6nj6yREp_4wJ:www.ehow.com/facts_5467367_northstar-engine-information.html+LT5+northstar&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
^ Weitzman, Larry (2001).The Aurora by Oldsmobile (2001), Better in every respect. Autochannel. Retrieved on June 28, 2009. References
Frank Markus. “1993 Technical Highlights”. Car and Driver (October 1992): 5960.
“Technical Highlights”. Car and Driver (October 1993): 115.
Joel D. Pietrangelo. “Northstar is heart of Allante re-do for ’93 – V-8 engine, General Motors’ Cadillac Motor Car Div.’s new model roadster”. Ward’s Auto World (February 1992). External links
Northstar engine – official website
Technical article from AutoSpeed
Ward’s article
GM Premium V Performance Discussion Forums Categories: Cadillac engines | GM engines | Automotive technology tradenamesHidden categories: All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2008
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Precious metals in jewelry manufacturing and their best use ? Precious tips / art5
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Precious metals in jewelry manufacturing and their best use – Precious tips / art5
Posted: Apr 01, 2009 |Comments: 0
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Precious metals in jewelry manufacturing and their best use – Precious tips / art5
By: Vasco Kirov
About the Author
Vasco Kirov is an experienced designer and master goldsmith with vast knowledge in every aspect concerning fine jewelry. He has been awarded many prestigious design awards for excellence in diamond jewelry design. Vasco’s web site Kirov Jewellery Studio contains plenty of visual information about diamond engagement rings and offers you the opportunity to have one designed and made up by Vasco himself
(ArticlesBase SC #845542)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Precious metals in jewelry manufacturing and their best use – Precious tips / art5
There are many articles on precious metals on the web and some of them are quiet professional with a lot of details and data. I will try not to give you just another one. Here I will offer you a simple version and avoiding extensive technicality add my professional opinion on the best use of these metals in order to utilize their unique properties.
In this article we will focus on the most popular precious metals used for jewelry: gold, platinum and the fast growing in popularity palladium. Pure gold and platinum are soft metals which are extremely dense. pure gold is about two and half times heavier than iron and pure platinum is just under three times. While really bright in color pure metals are not suitable for fine jewelry because of their softness. Soft metals are easy to damage, difficult to polish, and unsuitable for detailed work. This is why they are mixed (alloyed) with other metals, in order to give them the desired properties. This is also where all this “carats” and confusing numbers come into play. In fact it is pretty simple. All pure metals in nature are white or gray in color except two, gold – bright yellow and copper- reddish pink. Now we go back to precious metals. All different colors of precious metals are achieved by mixing these colored metals with white ones.
Carat is a confusing name for purity or fineness of precious metals. It is confusing because the same word is used as a weight measurement for precious stones. That carat is equal to 0.2gr. and have nothing to do with metal fineness. To differentiate the one carat from the other, in some standards, weight carat is marked with ct and purity karat with kt or k. We can accept this rule to avoid confusion in further articles, therefore when we address metal purity we will use “karat”. Karat is used mainly to define purity of gold alloys. Different countries have different standards for gold purity and the most used globally alloys are: 9kt or 375, 10kt or 416, 14kt or 585, 18kt or 750, 21kt or 875 and 22 or 916. The alternative number which alone can be used as hallmark indicates the number of fine gold parts in the alloy out of 1000. The easy way to translate this into a manageable information is to perceive it as the percentage of fine gold used x10. For example 750 means 75% pure gold content or 18kt.
Platinum is used in almost pure form and 95% hallmarked 950 is a standard alloy. All alloys with pure platinum content of 95.0% or higher can be also marked with the full word “platinum” or “”plat.” Other used alloys are 900 (90%), 800 (80%) and 585(58.5) also called karat platinum. The amazing qualities of this amazing metal are better described in another article where I am comparing it with the white gold alternative.
Palladium 950 alloys are as white as the platinum, blending well with white diamonds and eliminating the need of rhodium plating. Palladium is a light metal with weight close to the one of sterling silver and much lighter than platinum and high carat gold alloys, thus making it the metal of choice for items like large earrings. At the time of writing, the price of 950 palladium alloys is about a third of the price of the 18k white gold offering great possibilities for large solid pieces at significantly reduced price. One disadvantage though is that quality casting of palladium requires materials and equipment, currently not viable for small workshops
The hallmarks you will usually find on your precious metal jewelry are:
1). Karat or fineness stamp (e.g. 18kt/ct or 750)
2) Manufacturer’s stamp
The karat stamp does not have much value without the manufacturers stamp because the declaration of purity is not signed. Beware; in most countries you can buy a karat stamp for few dollars.
Variety in gold colors and mechanical properties is achieved by alloying fine gold with one or more other metals. White gold for example is a gold alloy with whitening metals, usually palladium, nickel or silver or combination of them. Since the fine gold is always yellow, it is the alloy (base) metals that give the karat gold its color and properties. For example to be able to stamp an item as 18k it must content at least 75% of fine gold. The remaining 25 percent of alloy metals will determine its color and physical properties. If 8.4% of copper and 16.6% silver is used in the alloy, we will end up with the traditional rich 18k yellow gold color. If we mix the same amount of fine gold with 15 % of palladium and 10% of silver we will have good quality white gold. The constant content in 18k gold alloy is always 75% pure gold. Higher than 18k white gold alloys are not possible because the alloying metals are not in sufficient quantity to absorb the yellowness of the pure gold. 21k or 22k gold is always yellow, very yellow. The same principle applies for platinum and palladium, although these metals are used in much purer form (95% is a standard) and there is not detectible changes in color. The only changes there are in physical properties.
Now, with our newly acquired knowledge of precious metals we will probably arrive at the questions: What are the best alloys? What metal jewelry should I buy?
Different metals are good for different purposes. As a general rule (and if you can afford it) buy alloys with higher precious metal content. That applies mainly for gold, since platinum and palladium are used in almost pure form. 18kt gold or higher have distinctive gold color and real precious metal properties. My opinion is that alloys with less than 50% gold content (under 14k) should not be called gold, but gold brass or something else defining the inferior gold content. If you are looking for big bold and heavy pieces the best is to go for silver with gold accents or the very new precium (25%palladium and silver alloy developed by Handy & Hartman)which may be already on the market at the time you read this article. For your fine jewelry pieces choose 18k gold and platinum. 18k white gold can be used for heavier, thicker pieces while platinum is the best for delicate settings with a lot of detail. It does not make sense to set 000 diamond in white gold just to save $ 300-400 difference on platinum setting. Besides the aesthetical superiority, the security of platinum setting is immensely greater. When we come to earrings, especially large ones, choosing lighter alloys is essential. Palladium is the first choice followed by 14k white. For yellow, stick to 18k. You can never get the right color in lower karats. Then, your goldsmith’s ability to work light will come handy. Try to find the right craftsman. It is really making all the difference. The weight of the stud settings is rather small even in the case of large diamonds, thus making the platinum the obvious choice for white metal. The difference in price will be insignificant but the difference in strength and safety and quality – vast. Another advantage of the platinum studs – they could be made very delicate and retain their strength.
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Vasco Kirov -
About the Author:
Vasco Kirov is an experienced designer and master goldsmith with vast knowledge in every aspect concerning fine jewelry. He has been awarded many prestigious design awards for excellence in diamond jewelry design. Vasco’s web site Kirov Jewellery Studio contains plenty of visual information about diamond engagement rings and offers you the opportunity to have one designed and made up by Vasco himself
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Vasco Kirov is an experienced designer and master goldsmith with vast knowledge in every aspect concerning fine jewelry. He has been awarded many prestigious design awards for excellence in diamond jewelry design. Vasco’s web site Kirov Jewellery Studio contains plenty of visual information about diamond engagement rings and offers you the opportunity to have one designed and made up by Vasco himself
Rautomead Small Horizontal Continuous Casting Machine for Precious Metals. Casting Gold, Slver, Brazing alloys. Applications in Jewellery and Gold and Silver Coinage Industries, Silver Brazing Alloys, Specialist Alloys. contact sales@rautomead.co.uk website www.rautomead.com
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Posted in Precious Metal Casting |
Tags: Charm, fine jewelry, master goldsmith, precious metals, Replacement, shopping |
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Cast Iron Cookware – Benefits with Seasoning
Cast Iron Cookware – Benefits with Seasoning
Cast iron cookware is highly considered as the best type of cookware. It is highly in demand due to its countless characteristic qualities. These cooking pots supplies outstanding heat preservation and diffusion chattels which cannot be rivaled by modern types of cookware.
When melt iron is poured directly into mold that is shaped like the type of desired cookware. When iron cool and is ready for use then seasoning process essential to take place. There are many companies preseason their cast iron cookware prior to sale. So you have to sure this either you purchase preseason or season cast iron cookware. Your cast iron may need to be seasoned after many years of use. In order to season your cast iron cookware you follow these simple steps:
· Wash your iron pots in hot, soapy water. Rinse out them and dry completely.
· Coat whole pot’s lid handle and base with cooking oil or any liquid oil except melted butter.
· Keep empty pots into 350 degree preheat oven for one hour. Place piece on top shelf oven, upside down, place aluminum foil on a baking sheet and place on bottom shelf of oven to catch any drippings.
· After one hour turn off oven and remain the piece into oven till it cool.
· Now it is ready to use and it will have a minor shine and dark coating which is called “patina”.
· When ever you want to clean your cast iron cookware after use, only use boiling water and a plastic scrub brush.
· Seasoning process protects your cast iron cookware from rust completely for a long time.
Cast iron cookware has many benefits as compare to other types of cookware. This traditional type of cookware is able to resist great amounts of heat without worry of twist or damage. The strong nature of cast iron cookware makes it a great choice for cooking foods such as stews or braised dishes which must be cooked for a long span of time. General use of iron cookware can cause it to develop an extremely “non-stick” surface, making it ideal for eggs and other foods that have a propensity of hold tightly to traditional cookware. There are many health benefits associated with preparing foods in cast iron cooking pots. During the cooking process a small amount of iron mix into food from the cast iron cooking pots. It can benefit for people with Anemia and other iron deficiencies. It may have a minor negative effect on people with hemochromatosis or other excess iron issues.
Now cast iron cookware also available with an enamel coated outer covering. Enamel coated cookware have a vitreous enamel glaze. This enamel coating protects against rusting and corrosion, eradicates the need to season the cookware, and allows you to clean with more traditional methods. The colors used in creating the enamel covered finish can also manufactured goods very vibrant colors, creating more visual appeal for your piece.
Many cast iron cookware are past down through generations as a type of family heirloom or keepsake. Whether you choose traditional or enamel coated type of cast iron cookware, your piece can last a lifetime and even longer with proper care.
Are you still looking for Cast Iron cooking pots? We are providing cookware advices, tips and resources and other information on cast iron cooking pots.
The American Cast Iron Pipe Company (ACIPCO) is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of ductile iron pipe, fire hydrants and valves for the waterworks industry as well as electric-resistance steel pipe for oil and natural gas pipelines. Throughout its more than 100-year history, ACIPCO has served as an industry leader, known for its innovation in manufacturing processes and products and its model health and safety programs.
Posted in Cast Iron Company |
Tags: cast, cast iron cookware, Cookware, enamel, seasoning cast iron, seasoning cast iron cookware |
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Benefits Of Cast Iron Crockery
Benefits Of Cast Iron Crockery
Cast iron is one of the most commonly used materials when it comes to the manufacture of kitchen items. Cast iron teapots are to die for especially since tea is one of the most commonly brewed beverages. However, most people would opt to buy a cast iron kettle since it is more functional and you can use it to brew a number of other beverages and soups such as coffee, cocoa, chicken soup, mushroom soup among others.
Most crockery made from this iron has a number of benefits and advantages over other materials. This is the main reason why these products have been in use for generations all over the world. Indeed, there is no other material that is more time – tested than this type of iron.
First of all, such crockery comes in a variety of forms. You can get gray iron crockery, ductile crockery, compacted graphite crockery, malleable iron crockery and even white iron crockery. This means that you can never exhaust the types of material you can have your crockery made from.
The other advantage of this class of crockery is that it is very affordable. This iron is highly available hence you can get your crockery at prices which are much lower as compared to those made from other material such as aluminum, steel and (inevitably) silver. You will also reduce the cost of your crockery in the long run since iron that is cast is very durable therefore you will not have to worry about constantly replacing your crockery.
Crockery made from casted iron will also save you a lot of time and money since this type of iron has a very low density. It also has the highest thermal conductivity. This means that you will not have to use too much heat in order to brew your beverage. Therefore, you will be able to spend less time cooking and even less energy. This will save you a lot of money.
It is also possible to get a wide variety of such kettles. You do not have to stick to the conventional and traditional shapes of kettles. Since iron that has been cast is very malleable, there is no limit to the shapes that your kettles can take. From cartoon shapes to other funky proportions, you are sure to have fun in your kitchen with these oddly shaped pieces. The sizes will also vary, so you can purchase some extra large crockery made from this iron for cooking for many guest or some tiny one for your own personal use. You can also get some elegantly shaped classic teapots made out of this material.
Finally, your beverage will never stick to a Tetsubin cast iron teapot. This will give you the easiest time as you serve your drinks and wash the dishes later. It is also unbreakable, so you should not worry too much even if you have young children in the house.
Tetsubin cast iron teapot, cast iron kettle and Cast iron teapots are the most superb and practical additions to your crockery collection for a tasteful kitchen experience. Visit: www.tealux.ca
Prototal Reduced Neck Taps – High-Speed Spiral Point Reduced neck taps for machine tapping applications. Reduced neck maximizes coolant flow in machine tapping application for ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Excellent for aluminum, magnesium, malleable cast iron and stainless steel materials. Hi-Molybdenum tool steel, gold treated for maximum lubricity, reduced neck provides maximum torsion strength for machine tapping applications. www.prototal.ca
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Posted in Malleable Cast Iron |
Tags: cast, mushroom soup, Neck, thermal conductivity, Time, traditional shapes |
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From Russia With Love The story of the Cast Iron Radiator
From Russia With Love The story of the Cast Iron Radiator
Perhaps it was his warm-blooded Italian ancestry that led Franz San Galli, a Polish born resident of St Petersburg, to finally decide he had endured just one too many freezing St Petersburg winters. In the mid-1850′s he sat down and designed the radiator. Considering central heating has been around since Roman times, some of us might think it was a long time coming. However, thanks to San Galli, the cast iron radiator was born and quickly became the must-have technology of its day.
The choice of cast iron for early radiators probably had something to do with limits of manufacturing technologies at the time. However, time has shown that cast iron radiators are not only attractive, but the material has qualities that make it an efficient choice for heating. Hard wearing and easy to maintain, cast iron radiators are once again a popular choice. Some original cast iron radiators remained in-situ for a century or more. Though they fell out of favour during the later 20th century the traditional cast iron radiator has seen a renaissance in recent years. Never completely out of favour in period homes, the surprise is that these stunning little design statements have evolved into a variety of modern and stylish looks.
Traditional Technology and Modern Values
Of course those of us who have had close encounters with cast iron radiators may be concerned about their efficiency – they really do seem to pump out a lot of heat! But the truth is that cast iron as a conductor of heat is rather more efficient than modern steel. Cast iron also maintains a more consistent heat than steel. While steel heats up very quickly it also cools rapidly whereas cast iron is completely the opposite. Heating up gradually it has a higher heat capacity than steel or other metals, providing steady, constant heat whatever the size of room. During the cooling process cast iron radiators cool much more slowly; the overall effect being that a cast iron radiator using the same amount of energy as steel or aluminium models, will provide heat over a longer period. It seems that the original design of radiator may, after all, be the best!
Choice, Style and Elegance
While modern steel radiators are highly functional many people choose to hide them away behind radiator covers – this in itself this can reduce their efficiency. Functional is great, but doesn’t always fit well with a tasteful design, whether that design is traditional or contemporary. There’s also something a little soulless about the more modern radiators, while good solid cast iron radiators have a real comfort factor about them – they just look solid and dependable!
Modern cast iron radiators come in a variety of designs to suit most homes and can provide a great finishing touch to any scheme. Nor do you need to have a coal fired industrial plant in the cellar to keep the heat flowing – most types of heat generation can be combined with this type of radiator, making them a modern and highly efficient solution for heating your home.
For more information on Cast Iron Radiators visit www.paladinradiators.com. With a range of standard cast iron radiators and a great selection of options to customise your radiators, Paladin will be happy to create the right solution for your home.
Cookware runs the gamut — from stainless steel to cast iron to anodized aluminum, copper and coated cast iron — and many more. Rita’s got some favorite cookware that she recommends. Her enamel coated cookware, the 100 year old cast iron skillet handed down from her mother and the new anodized aluminum pans. Cookware sets will be big gifts this Christmas and all year long for birthdays and other occasions. What’s the difference between professional sets and affordable discount sets? In this video Rita tells you what to look for when shopping for pots and pans.
Posted in Cast Iron Steel |
Tags: cast, cast iron radiators, choice, constant heat, Cookware, italian ancestry |
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