Metal Casting Zone Info Blog

Archive for the ‘2191’ Category

Cast Iron Radiators Basics

If you’re looking for some of the best and most elegant pieces in home heating and towel railing, you’ll find that cast iron radiators are your most appealing option – their size, design and overall elegance make them some of the best in their design and cost class.

But how do you choose the best one for your home? Here are five tips to get you started!

- If you’re designing your room around the radiator, you’ve got two options to consider – whether these are going to be a talking point, or whether you’re using them to tie together the décor in the room, almost like the finishing touch. Using them as a finishing touch may suggest period design and more, while using them as a talking point gives you a bit more leeway with your décor. Remember that these have to be accomplished within your budget either way.

- What is your favourite style?

If you’re stuck choosing between several styles and designs, take it back to basics – which do you like in your gut. As radiators are generally not the hardest pieces to design around, you may find that you can find your favourite design and make it work for you.

- Can they be supported easily?

One of the better ways to help you decide, once you’ve got a general idea is how easily you’ll get these pieces to your home. Cast iron radiators aren’t light, so you’ve got to also consider whether your floor and walls and piping can support them, so you should also be sure that they are safe and securable easily.

- Who will you source them from?

Whether you’re going to use a local blacksmith, or a specialist radiator company, you should investigate who is getting your pieces to you. You should always work with a group that’s got a track record of creating good pieces – if you’re not sure, ask for testimonials.

- Research, research, research

You should find your favourite pieces online, and do some research – by looking into the different designs available, you may find the perfect piece for you, without needing to request customisations. There are a lot of cast iron groups online that can produce and procure the perfect piece for your project at a price that can match your budget in some cases.

One of the best things about cast iron radiators is they extrude elegance, along with heat. These radiators aren’t designed to be hidden and can often become the talking pieces within your rooms. Even if they aren’t designed to be shown to other people, they can bring a touch of otherworldly elegance to your room, and can make a statement with some of the prettiest and most functional pieces of radiator furniture you’ll ever encounter.

Related Cast Iron Pipe Articles

Cast Iron Radiator Basics

One of the biggest things about cast iron radiators, is understanding how best to install, fit and use them. Cast iron radiators aren’t quite the same as some of the more modern radiators – many of the aficionados of cast iron radiators and products swear they heat better than the more modern types, while others say they are easier to use, easier to control and easier to work with.

- Installing cast iron radiators is no different to installing other radiators. There are very few different fixtures and fittings that may be required, and it’s possible your pipes may need to converted but other than that, cast iron radiator fitting can be as straight forward as installing other types of radiator.

- You can buy a range of styles and designs to help create the perfect environment for your room and give you the best of whatever you need. It’s amazing to see the different designs that are available, from replicas or copies of some of the nicest styles of the older radiators in grand houses.

- Just like ‘normal’ radiators, there’s a lot of calculations that need to be done before installing one or more of the radiators to ensure that you’re getting the best out of your installations and ensure that you’re not wasting heat or your money with additionally installed pieces, or needing to overheat or run your boiler constantly. This will save you money and allow you to enjoy your radiators in situ without needing to worry about burning yourself or damaging the walls underneath.

Understanding how to care for your radiator

Understanding the care and protection of your radiators is crucial to keeping them in pristine condition. It’s important to ensure that if you’re flushing the system occasionally, to keep sludge and other settled materials from building up such as lime scale. Your radiator installer can discuss protecting your system and keeping it flowing regularly, without needing to resort to expensive flushes. Painted radiators also stay pristine if you’re careful not to bump them and keep them cleaned well. Keeping them dust free and unobstructed will allow you to enjoy their heat and keep them looking attractive.

If your radiator becomes chipped or needs repainted, it’s important to find the same sort of paint or the same general *type* of paint – repairing may not be seamless but it may be very close with luck. Alternatively, you can contact the manufacturer of your radiator and see what paint they’ve used, or if they have repair kits. If they do, you may find that they can send you a repair kit, or have a recommended fitter that can come ‘repair’ the chips or scratches in your radiator, leaving you to enjoy them.

Find More Cast Iron Pipe Articles

Cast Iron Gutters – Perfect Choice for Your House

If your home is a traditional one, then cast iron gutters will look ideal. It is the most suitable type of rainwater system that one can use because every homeowner will know that it looks elegant and classy. The cast iron is a very strong and durable material. It gives you an effective sheen and looks great from a distance.

Give your home some presence by choosing the cast iron guttering. There is no doubt that homeowners prefer it and recognise it to be the perfect choice for their home’s exterior. They not only look good, but also function well and have a majestic presence. These last a long time and hence you will not have to bother about changing these in a few years time. If you can maintain them properly then you might see that they are lasting you a long time.

Regular cleaning can help you maintain the gutters properly. Moreover checking is also necessary whether there is no sediment deposition to avoid pipe blockages. You should use a disinfectant when you are cleaning the entire thing. Ensure when you are changing any part of the system that it is being replaced with the same material. By installing the cast iron ones you can cut down on the cost as well as the needed maintenance time that enhances the look of your home to a great deal.

In order, add some cost-effective add-ons to your house so that you can enhance overall appearance and value then cast iron gutters should be the perfect choice for you and your family. Installing the cast iron ones is very easy so you will not have to face much of a hassle. You would need to do a few very basic things like measuring out the slope length and then after purchasing you need to cut them according to the shape and size and then you need to put together the hanging brackets. After the entire system is installed, you are required to cut out a place for the spout and then install the leaf guards.

Cast iron gutters are so strong and durable that they can resist extreme weather conditions. They are sturdy and hence they are not twisted or damaged in any way during severe weather conditions. The best part of this is that they do not make so much noise and hence it is simply ideal for your house. These cast iron ones are ideal for your country home. They are very reasonable and the installation process is hassle-free so you will be extremely glad with your purchase. These gutters are far superior in many ways than others like plastic or aluminium or iron. However, it will be wise to choose cast iron because you will know that you are being environment-friendly and you are not doing anything against the nature that might lead to global warming.

Therefore, do not fret about it any longer, take a quick decision and make your purchase. You will be sure that you are not going to be disappointed with your purchase.

The Basics of Cast Iron Radiators

Cast iron radiators have been utilized to heat houses since the mid nineteenth century, yet today comparatively few people know their ins and outs. Forced air heating systems have become all the rage, and radiators are seen less and less in general homes. This implies that common knowledge on the matter has been reduced importantly. This article seeks to remedy that by going over some of the fundamental constructs to cast iron radiators.

What is Cast Iron?

Cast iron is a special material utilized for heating intentions. The reason why it’s utilised is because it has it a full particular heat capacity. This is a technical term that fundamentally means that it takes a plenty of energy to raise the temperature of the material. This is good for a heating material because it implies that it stores great quantities of energy. Cast iron radiators release this energy as heat into the colder air surrounding the radiator, gradually warming up the room. Other metals with minute particular heat capacities would not be able to execute this job as expeditiously, which is why they are not used.

What are the Various Parts of a Radiator?

Each cast iron radiator has the identical standard set of elements no matter what the size, shape, or style may happen to be. The foremost key part are the tubes. There are typically one or two pipes towards the base of the radiator that function a critical purpose – moving steam or water in and out of the pipes. If there’s one pipe, the radiator is almost likely a steam heated system, if two then it likely uses hot water.

The following part is the valve, which is situated on one of the pipes. This is used to check the flow of water or steam into the radiator.

The several tubes seen going up and down are named ‘sections.’ The number of sections is critical in determining how much heat the radiator will provide. These are also named ‘coils.’

The term ‘columns’ refers to how many of these tubes there are repeated going back towards your wall. Again, the more columns, the more heat the radiator will render.

Why do the Number of Coils and Columns Matter?

The number of coils and columns matter because they find the general surface area of the radiator. Since heat can only flow from the cast iron to the air at a surface, the total surface area is important in finding how much heat will be rendered. In common, more surface area means more heat turnout.

Why do Fundamental Principles Matter?

Knowing the fundamentals of your cast iron radiator will assist you be safe. If you’re ever doubtful what something does, or if it’s dangerous or not, it’s always best to reach a master rather than risk injury. Remember, knowledge is force!

Ductile iron pipe

Dimensions

Ductile iron pipe is sized according to a dimensionless term known as the Pipe Size or Nominal Diameter (known by its French abbreviation, DN). This is roughly equivalent to the pipe’s internal diameter in inches or millimeters. However, it is the external diameter of the pipe that is kept constant between changes in wall thickness, in order to maintain compatibility in joints and fittings, and consequently the internal diameter does vary, sometimes significantly, from its nominal size. Nominal pipe sizes vary from 3 inches up to 64 inches, in increments of at least 1 inch, in the USA.

Pipe dimensions are standardised to the mutually incompatible AWWA C151 (U.S. Customary Units) in the USA, ISO 2531 / EN 545/598 (metric) in Europe, and AS/NZS 2280 (metric) in Australia and New Zealand. Although both metric, European and Australian are not compatible and pipes of identical nominal diameters have quite different dimensions.

North America

Pipe dimensions according to the American AWWA C-151

Pipe Size

Outside Diameter (in)

3

3.96

4

4.80

6

6.90

8

9.05

10

11.10

12

13.20

14

15.30

16

17.40

18

19.50

20

21.60

24

25.80

30

32.00

Europe

European pipe is standardized to ISO 2531 and its descendent specifications EN 545 (potable water) and EN 598 (sewage). European pipes are sized to approximately match the internal diameter of the pipe, following internal lining, to the nominal diameter. ISO 2531 maintains dimensional compatibility with older German cast iron pipes. Older British pipes, however, which used the incompatible imperial standard, BS 78, require adapter pieces when connecting to newly installed pipe. Coincidentally, the British harmonization with European pipe standards occurred at approximately the same time as its transition to ductile iron, so almost all cast iron pipe is imperial, and all ductile pipe, metric.

DN

Outside Diameter (mm)

Wall thickness (mm)

Class 40

K9

K10

40

56

4.8

6.0

6.0

50

66

4.8

6.0

6.0

60

77

4.8

6.0

6.0

65

82

4.8

6.0

6.0

80

98

4.8

6.0

6.0

100

118

4.8

6.0

6.0

125

144

4.8

6.0

6.0

150

170

5.0

6.0

6.5

200

222

5.4

6.3

7.0

250

274

5.8

6.8

7.5

300

326

6.2

7.2

8.0

350

378

7.0

7.7

8.5

400

429

7.8

8.1

9.0

450

480

-

8.6

9.5

500

532

-

9.0

10.0

600

635

-

9.9

11.0

700

738

-

10.8

12.0

800

842

-

11.7

13.0

900

945

-

12.6

14.0

1000

1048

-

13.5

15.0

1100

1152

-

14.4

16.0

1200

1255

-

15.3

17.0

1400

1462

-

17.1

19.0

1500

1565

-

18.0

20.0

1600

1668

-

18.9

21.0

1800

1875

-

20.7

23.0

2000

2082

-

22.5

25.0

Australia

Australian and New Zealand pipes are sized to an independent specification, AS/NZS 2280, that while adopting the nomenclature of European standards, is not compatible. Australia adopted at an early point the imperial British cast iron pipe standard BS 78, and when this was retired on British adoption of ISO 2531, rather than similarly harmonizing with Europe, Australia opted for a ‘soft’ conversion from imperial units to metric, published as AS/NSZ 2280, with the physical outer diameters remaining unchanged, allowing continuity of manufacture and backwards compatibility. A result is that the inner diameters of lined pipe differ widely from the nominal diameter and hydraulic calculations do require some knowledge of the pipe standard.

Nominal Size (DN)

Outside Diameter (mm)

Nominal Wall Thickness (mm)

PN 20

PN 35

Flange Class

100

122

-

5.0

7.0

150

177

-

5.0

8.0

200

232

-

5.0

8.0

225

259

5.0

5.2

9.0

250

286

5.0

5.6

9.0

300

345

5.0

6.3

10.0

375

426

5.1

7.3

10.0

450

507

5.6

8.3

11.0

500

560

6.0

9.0

12.0

600

667

6.8

10.3

13.0

750

826

7.9

12.2

15.0

Joints

Individual lengths of ductile iron pipe are joined either by flanges, couplings, or some form of spigot and socket arrangement.

Flanges

Flanges are flat rings around the end of pipes, which mate with an equivalent flange from another pipe, the two being held together by bolts usually passed through holes drilled through the flanges. A deformable gasket, usually elastomeric, placed between raised faces on the mating flanges provides the seal. Flanges are designed to a large number of specifications that differ due to dimensional variations in pipes sizes, and pressure requirements, but also due to independent standards development. In the U.S. flanges are ‘threaded’ and can be ‘welded’ onto the pipe. In the European market flanges are often welded on to the pipe. Flanges are available in a standard 125 lb. bolt pattern as well as a 250 lb. bolt pattern (steel bolt pattern). Both are usually rated at 250 PSI. A flanged joint is rigid and can bear both tension and compression as well as a limited degree of shear and bending. It is also dismantlable once constructed. Flanged joints cannot, however, be reliably used for buried pipe due to the possibility of soil movement placing very large bending loads on the joint.

Current flange standards used in the water industry are ANSI B16.1 in the USA, EN 1092 in Europe, and AS/NZS 4087 in Australia and New Zealand.

Spigot and Socket

Spigot and sockets involve a normal pipe end, the spigot, being inserted into the socket or ‘bell’ of another pipe or fitting with a seal being made between the two within the socket. Normal spigot and socket joints do not allow direct metal to metal contact with all forces being transmitted through the elastomeric seal. They can consequently flex and allow some degree of rotation, allowing pipes to shift and relieve stresses imposed by soil movement. The corollary is that unrestrained spigot and socket joints transmit essentially no compression or tension along the axis of the pipe and little shear. Any bends, tees or valves therefore require either a restrained joint or, more commonly, thrust blocks, which transmit the forces as compression into the surrounding soil.

A large number of different socket and seals exist. The most modern is the ‘push-joint’ or ‘slip-joint’, whereby the socket and rubber seal is designed to allow the pipe spigot to be, after lubrication, simply pushed into the socket. Push joints remain proprietary designs. The most common are the Tyton joint, developed by U.S. Pipe, the Fastite, by the American Cast Iron Pipe Co., and the Rapid, by Saint-Gobain PAM, which is marketed outside the U.S. Restrained joint systems are available too. Each of the four U.S. manufacturers has their own proprietary restrained joint system that generally involves a “boltless system”. Clow Water Systems has the Super-Lock joint, Pacific States Cast Iron Pipe Co. has the Thrust-Lock system, Griffin Pipe Products has the Snap-Lock joint, U.S. Pipe has the TR-Flex joint, and American Cast Iron Pipe has the Flex-Ring joint. Also available are locking gasket systems. Available for the standard ‘push-joint’ systems are the Sure Stop gasket by McWane, Field Lok by U.S. Pipe, and Fast Grip by American Cast Iron Pipe Co. These locking gasket systems work on the “Chinese Box” principle where you can push the pipe together, but will be unable to pull it apart (without using a special tool or blow torch on the gasket).

Manufacture

Ductile iron pipe is produced by a technique known as centrifugal casting, originally developed by Dimitr Sensaud deLavaud for cast iron pipe in 1918. The molten ductile iron is poured into a rapidly spinning water-cooled mold. Centrifugal force results in an even spread of iron around the circumference.

Internal Coatings

Ductile iron pipe is somewhat resistant to internal corrosion in potable water and less aggressive forms of sewage. However, even where pipe material loss and consequently pipe wall reduction is slow, the deposition of corrosion products on the internal pipe wall can dramatically reduce the effective internal diameter and effectively choke flow, increasing pumping costs and lowering system pressure, long before the pipe itself is at risk of failure. A variety of linings are available to reduce or eliminate corrosion, including cement mortar, polyurethane and polyethylene. Of these, cement mortar lining is by far the most common.

Cement Mortar Linings

The predominant form of lining for water applications is cement mortar centrifugallly applied during manufacturing. The cement mortar comprises a mixture of cement and sand to a ratio of between 1:2 and 1:3.5. For potable water, portland cement is used, for sewage it is common to use sulfate resisting or high alumina cement.

Cement mortar linings have been found to dramatically reduce internal corrosion. A DIPRA survey has demonstrated that the Hazen-Williams factor of cement lining remains between 130 and 151 with only slight reduction with age.

External Coatings

Unprotected ductile iron, similarly to cast iron, is intrinsically resistant to corrosion in most, although not all, soils. Nonetheless, due to frequent lack of information on soil aggressiveness, and to extend the installed life of buried pipe, ductile iron pipe is commonly protected by one or more external coatings. In the U.S. and Australia, loose polyethylene sleeving is preferred. In Europe, standards recommend a more sophisticated system of directly bonded zinc coatings overlaid by a finishing layer be used in conjunction with polyethylene sleeving.

Polyethylene Sleevings

Polyethylene sleeving was first developed by CIPRA (since 1979, DIPRA) in the U.S. in 1951 for use in highly corrosive soil in Birmingham, Alabama. It was employed more widely in the U.S. in the late 1950s and first employed in the U.K. in 1965 and Australia in the mid 1960′s.

Polyethylene sleeving comprises a loose sleeve of polyethylene sheet that completely wraps the pipe, including the bells of any joints. Sleeving inhibits corrosion by a number of mechanisms. It physically separates the pipe from soil particles, preventing direct galvanic corrosion. By providing an impermeable barrier to ground water, the sleeve also inhibits the diffusion of oxygen to the ductile iron surface and limits the availability of electrolytes that would accelerate corrosion. It provides a homogeneous environment along the pipe surface so that corrosion occurs evenly over the pipe. Finally, the sleeve restricts the availability of nutrients which could support sulfate-reducing bacteria, inhibiting microbially-induced corrosion. Sleeving is not designed to be completely water-tight but rather to greatly restrict the movement of water to and from the pipe surface. Water present beneath the sleeve and in contact with the pipe surface is rapidly deoxygenated and depleted of nutrients and forms a stable environment in which limited further corrosion occurs. An improperly installed sleeve that continues to allow the free flow of ground water is not effective in inhibiting corrosion.

Polyethylene sleeves are available in a number of materials. The most common contemporary compositions are linear low-density polyethylene film which requires an 8 mil or 200 m thickness and high-density cross-laminated polyethylene film which requires only a 4 mil or 100 m thickness. The latter may or may not be reinforced with a scrim layer.

Polyethylene sleeving does have limitations. In European practice, its use in the absence of additional zinc and epoxy protective coatings is discouraged where natural soil resistivity is below 750 ohm/cm, where resistivity is below 1500 ohm/cm and the soil is frequently water logged, where there are additional artificial soil contaminants or where there are stray currents. Due to the vulnerability of polyethylene to UV degradation, sleeving, or sleeved pipe should also not be stored in sunlight, although carbon pigments included in the sleeving can provide some limited protection.

Polyethylene sleeving is standardised according to ISO 8180 internationally, AWWA C105 in the U.S., BS 6076 in the U.K. and AS 3680 and AS 3681 in Australia.

Zinc Coatings

In Europe, ductile iron pipe is typically manufactured with a zinc coating overlaid by an either bituminous or polymer, normally epoxy, finishing layer. EN 545/598 mandates a minimum zinc content of 135 g/m2 (with local minima of 110 g/m2 at 99.99% purity), and a minimum average finishing layer thickness of 70 m (with local minima of 50 m) although some manufacturers, notably Saint-Gobain PAM considerably exceed these thicknesses.

No current AWWA standards are available for bonded coatings (zinc, coal tar epoxy, tape-wrap systems as seen on steel pipe) for ductile iron pipe, DIPRA does not endorse bonded coatings and AWWA M41 generally views them unfavourably, recommending they be used only in conjunction with cathodic protection .

Bituminous Coatings

As noted, zinc coatings are generally not employed in the U.S. and Australia. In order to protect ductile iron pipe prior to installation, pipe is instead supplied with a temporary 1 mil or 25 m thick bituminous coating. This coating is not intended to provide protection once the pipe is installed.

Producers

U.S.

In the United States ductile iron pipe is manufactured by McWane Inc.(consisting of four foundries – McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co., Clow Water Systems Company,Atlantic States Cast Iron Pipe Co. & Pacific States Cast Iron Pipe Co.), Griffin Pipe Products, U.S. Pipe & Foundry, and American Cast Iron Pipe Co. The primary headquarters for three of these four companies are based in Birmingham, AL.

Europe

Saint-Gobain PAM, a subsidiary of Saint-Gobain and the world’s largest ductile iron pipe manufacturer, is predominant in Europe. Saint-Gobain PAM formed in 1970 following the merger of Saint-Gobain and the company Pont–Mousson (PAM). Saint-Gobain PAM’s ductile iron pipe factory in the town of Pont–Mousson remains the world’s largest.

Australia

In Australia, Tyco Flow Control Pacific, a subsidiary of Tyco International, is by a wide margin the largest Australian manufacturer of DICL, after having purchased Tubemakers Water and its single Yennora Manufacturing Facility in Sydney’s west, from BHP in 1999.

Industry Associations

In the United States ductile iron pipe is often promoted to municipalities and consulting engineers by DIPRA, which is the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association. Their focus is to promote the benefits of using ductile iron pipe on utility projects (water & sewer) over alternate products like PVC, PCCP, and HDPE.

Environmental

Ductile iron pipe in the developed world is normally manufactured exclusively from scrap steel. Ductile iron pipe itself can be recycled. In the U.S. with the growing ‘Green’ movement ductile iron pipe is in a natural position to regain market share lost to its largest competitor, the PVC industry, over the past 40 years. PVC pipe has negative environmental issues ranging from carcinogens produced at resin plants to the burning of it releasing dioxins into the atmosphere to its carbon footprint.

Colloquialisms

As a commonly used construction material ductile iron pipe has assumed various colloquial shortened names. In America it is commonly referred to as ‘ductile’, in the UK, by the initials, ‘DI’, and in Australia as the acronym, DICL (Ductile Iron – Cement Lined), pronounced ‘dickle’.

Notes

^ a b c Moser, A. P. and Folkman, Steven L. (2008) Buried Pipe Design (3rd edition) McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 336-337, ISBN 978-0-07-147689-8

^ a b IGN 4-50-03 – Operating Guidelines for the Use of Site-Applied, Factory Applied and Reinforced Factory Applied Polyethylene Sleeving on Ductile Iron Pipeline Systems
^ AWWA Manual M41 – Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings

External links

Official Web Site of Clow Water Systems Co.

Official Web Site of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association

Official Web Site of McWane Inc.

The history ductile iron manufacture in Australia

WSAA assessment of Saint-Gobain PAM pipe

Categories: Piping | Water industryHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2008 | All articles lacking sources

Our K-9s are guaranteed to tell you if your imported cast iron meets the standard. www.roscosdogs.com
Video Rating: 0 / 5

The current situation and development of China cast iron valve products

Cast iron valves have nearly 100 years of history in China, but only has made significant development in the latest 10 years. According to statistics, in the latest 10 years, the domestic iron valves, fittings have annual production from 0.2 million tons to 0.8 million tons, the average annual increase rate is about 20%. According to the information, cast iron valve applications generally can be divided into eight areas: waste water drains, building water supply, building drains, buried pipes, gas pipelines, electrical pipe, agricultural pipe, industrial pipe, etc. . The construction and drainage are fastest growing, followed by housing and agricultural development, but underground drainage pipes and pipelines still have big gap from foreign countries. 

However, cast iron valves and other fittings in China’s development are still behind comparatively. The producers of cast iron pipe fittings are still small and medium-sized enterprises.

In addition, there is no unified product technical and quality standards for China cast iron pipe fittings. Because of this, the quality of current cast iron pipe fittings is far from satisfactory, especially cast iron valves, its production costs are relatively as high as steel pipe fittings, so unable to meet the needs of many fields.

Market demand for cast iron valve products mainly from two aspects: First, supporting the use of cast iron pipe; Second, cast iron valves has good durability, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance, and have good advantages of processing efficiency. Overseas, the cast iron valve has been widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food processing, indoor and outdoor plumbing, mechanical and electrical products, agriculture and other fields.

This article was from Dandong Foundry Blog.

For the whole article, please check Dandong Foundry Blog.

How to remove cast iron pipe